John Dowland

约翰·道兰德（英语：John Dowland，1563年－1626年2月20日之前），英国文艺复兴晚期作曲家，歌手，鲁特琴演奏家。
生平与创作
道兰德的出生地存在争议，一般说法是伦敦，但有爱尔兰学者声称他生于都柏林，不过后者尚无确凿根据可以证实。[1]曾到巴黎在英国驻巴黎使馆工作，又曾在丹麦国王克里斯蒂安四世的宫廷里工作。他于1626年在伦敦逝世，但只记录下他的下葬日期，具体逝世日期不得而知。
道兰德现在被公认为一位伟大的作曲家，尽管生前他只以演奏鲁特琴和歌唱技艺出名。他的歌曲创作被认为对艺术歌曲的发展有推动作用。他的器乐曲集《泪》（Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares）也是十分著名的作品。
后世影响
后世的古典音乐作曲家常常引用道兰德的歌曲作为素材，著名者包括珀西·格兰杰和本杰明·布里顿。
2006年，英国歌手斯汀推出了道兰德歌曲的专辑《迷宫之歌》（Songs from the Labyrinth），相当热卖。
John Dowland (1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, singer, and lutenist. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep" (the basis for Benjamin Britten's Nocturnal), "Come again", "Flow my tears", "I saw my Lady weepe" and "In darkness let me dwell", but his instrumental music has undergone a major revival, and with the 20th century's Early Music Revival has been a continuing source of repertoire for lutenists and classical guitarists. Very little is known of John "the Bard" Dowland's early life, but it is generally thought he was born in London. Irish historian W. H. Grattan Flood claimed that he was born in Dalkey, near Dublin, but no corroborating evidence has ever been found either for that statement or for Thomas Fuller's claim that he was born in Westminster.In 1580 Dowland went to Paris, where he was in service to Sir Henry Cobham, the ambassador to the French court, and his successor, Sir Edward Stafford.He became a Roman Catholic at this time.In 1584, Dowland moved back to England where he was married. In 1588 he was admitted Mus. Bac. from Christ Church, Oxford.In 1594 a vacancy for a lutenist came up at the English court, but Dowland's application was unsuccessful - he claimed his religion led to his not being offered a post at Elizabeth I's Protestant court. However, his conversion was not publicized, and being Catholic did not prevent some other important musicians (such as William Byrd) from having a court career in England.From 1598 Dowland worked at the court of Christian IV of Denmark,though he continued to publish in London.King Christian was very interested in music and paid Dowland astronomical sums; his salary was 500 daler a year, making him one of the highest-paid servants of the Danish court.Though Dowland was highly regarded by King Christian, he was not the ideal servant, often overstaying his leave when he went to England on publishing business or for other reasons.Dowland was dismissed in 1606and returned to England;in early 1612 he secured a post as one of James I's lutenists.There are few compositions dating from the moment of his royal appointment until his death in London in 1626.While the date of his death is not known, "Dowland's last payment from the court was on 20 January 1626, and he was buried at St Ann's, Blackfriars, London, on 20 February 1626."Two major influences on Dowland's music were the popular consort songs, and the dance music of the day.Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute.It includes several books of solo lute works, lute songs (for one voice and lute), part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute.The poet Richard Barnfield wrote that Dowland's "heavenly touch upon the lute doth ravish human sense." He later wrote what is probably his best known instrumental work, Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares, Figured in Seaven Passionate Pavans, a set of seven pavanes for five viols and lute, each based on the theme derived from the lute song "Flow my tears".It became one of the best known collections of consort music in his time. His pavane, "Lachrymae antiquae", was also popular in the seventeenth century, and was arranged and used as a theme for variations by many composers. Dowland's music often displays the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time.He wrote a consort piece with the punning title "Semper Dowland, semper dolens" (always Dowland, always doleful), which may be said to sum up much of his work.Dowland's song, "Come Heavy Sleepe, the Image of True Death", was the inspiration for Benjamin Britten's "Nocturnal after John Dowland for guitar", written in 1964 for the guitarist Julian Bream. This work consists of eight variations, all based on musical themes drawn from the song or its lute accompaniment, finally resolving into a guitar setting of the song itself.In 1597, Dowland published his First Book of Songs in London. It was one of the most influential and important musical publications of the history of the lute.This collection of lute-songs was set out in a way that allows performance by a soloist with lute accompaniment or various combinations of singers and instrumentalists.Dowland published two books of songs after the First Book of Songs, in 1600 and 1603, as well as the Lachrymae in 1604.He also published a translation of the Micrologus of Andreas Ornithoparcus in 1609, originally printed in Leipzig in 1517, a rather stiff and medieval treatise, but nonetheless occasionally entertaining.Dowland's last, and in the opinion of most scholars, best work, A Pilgrimes Solace, was published in 1612,and seems to have been conceived more as a collection of contrapuntal music than as solo work